Forest Supervisor Office. Location: 2840 Kachina Drive, Pueblo, CO 81008 Phone: (719) 553-1400 Hours: Monday - Friday 7:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. The Pike-San Isabel National Forests & Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands span over three million acres, stretching from the southwestern prairies of Kansas to the highest mountain …Even with movement, campers can only camp in a specific national forest or grassland for a total of 28 days within a 60-day period, according to the US Forest Service. Campers must travel to campsites on designated roads and trails. Due to limited services, it’s crucial that dispersed campers follow the Leave No Trace guidelines.On Wikipedia. Arapaho National Forest is a National Forest located in north-central Colorado, United States. The facility is managed jointly with the Roosevelt National Forest and the Pawnee National Grassland from the United States Forest Service office in Fort Collins, Colorado. It has a wildlife refuge which manages a protection for all ... Check Out the New Smart Maps for Colorado Public Lands! Stay The Trail Colorado provides a central webpage where the public, organizations and agencies can download all US Forest Service Motor Vehicle Use Maps (MVUM) for National Forests and Grasslands located in Colorado. These maps are kept up to date as the US Forest Service updates their maps. The diverse Uncompahgre National Forest covers nearly 1 million acres in western Colorado. It’s located to the south of Grand Junction, with a lot of terrain west off Highway 550. The forests and mountains in southwestern Colorado are spectacular and full of natural marvels, with ample recreation opportunities for every kind of adventure seeker. Routt National Forest is listed in the Forests Category for Routt County in the state of Colorado. Routt National Forest is displayed on the "Rocky Peak" USGS topo map. The latitude and longitude coordinates (GPS waypoint) of Routt National Forest are 40.5421478 (North), -106.7570074 (West) and the approximate elevation is 8,655 feet (2,638 meters) …Uncompahgre Wilderness. Uncompahgre Wilderness covers 102,721 acres within the north-central region of the San Juan Mountains in Colorado. The Wilderness spans the Uncompahgre National Forest (99,399 acres) across two Ranger District boundaries and lands administered by Bureau of Land Management. Elevations range from 8,400 to …Welcome to your National Forests and Grasslands! Forest Visitor Maps provide an overview of recreational opportunities including campgrounds, picnic ... Colorado Maps of the United States Maps of White River National Forest. Category: Parks & Forests. Size: 66.79MB. Publication: 2018. Language: English. This product is available exclusively in ...SHARES. Facebook Twitter. “Land of Many Uses”, Routt National Forest is comprised of 1.25 million acres in Northwest Colorado. The most visited areas of the forest are around Steamboat Springs. Camping, hiking, mountaineering, and winter sports are prevalent in the endless forests of northwest Colorado. The Routt National Forest goes all ...Where is the best trail to hike for backpacking in Arapaho National Forest? According to users from AllTrails.com, the best trail to hike for backpacking in Arapaho National Forest is Mirror Lake and Crater Lake via Cascade Creek Trail, which has a 4.8 star rating from 2,126 reviews. This trail is 14.8 mi long with an elevation gain of 2,293 ft.The U.S. Forest Service closes roads seasonally for many reasons. ... Motor Vehicle Use Map. ... Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests & Pawnee National Grassland. 2150 Centre Avenue, Building E Fort Collins, CO 80526 Visitor Information: 970-295-6600. Join Our Email Lists;Lost Creek Wilderness was officially designated by the Colorado Wilderness Act of 1980 with additions in 1993. ... Buy maps online. National Forest Store: Offers a full, nationwide selection of National Forest, Ranger District, Wilderness, and Specialty Maps for purchase online or by phone, fax, and mail.Tonto National Forest is spread across a total area of 2,873,200 acres (4,489.4 sq mi or 11,627 sq km). It was established in 1905. The primary animals found in this national forest are: Colorado desert raccoons, Mearns coyotes, New Mexico black bears, bald eagles, greater roadrunners, bobcats, Arizona skunks, long-eared owls, …Click on the map below to help determine which office to contact. ... Colorado Springs, CO 80903 ... White River National Forest Supervisor's Office 802 Grand Ave. Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Temporary Phone Number (970) … The San Juan National Forest contains more than half of the San Juan Skyway, a 233-mile loop and national scenic byway, connecting Ridgway, Telluride, Cortez, Durango, and Ouray. With stunning sections on US 550 up to Molas Pass, and CO 145 over Lizard Head Pass, the route is arguably the prettiest loop in all of Colorado. Lost Creek Wilderness was officially designated by the Colorado Wilderness Act of 1980 with additions in 1993. ... Buy maps online. National Forest Store: Offers a full, nationwide selection of National Forest, Ranger District, Wilderness, and Specialty Maps for purchase online or by phone, fax, and mail.Tonto National Forest is spread across a total area of 2,873,200 acres (4,489.4 sq mi or 11,627 sq km). It was established in 1905. The primary animals found in this national forest are: Colorado desert raccoons, Mearns coyotes, New Mexico black bears, bald eagles, greater roadrunners, bobcats, Arizona skunks, long-eared owls, …SAN ISABEL NATIONAL FOREST 81233. (lat:38.4083 lon:-105.9339) The Pike and San Isabel National Forests Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands is comprised of 2 national forests and 2 national grasslands that forest locator map cover nearly 3 million acres, between the prairies of western Kansas and some of Colorado's highest …Welcome to your National Forests and Grasslands! Forest Visitor Maps provide an overview of recreational opportunities including campgrounds, picnic areas, trailheads, fishing areas, rental cabins, and other points of interest. Geographic features and land ownership patterns are displayed at a scale convenient for useThe Motor Vehicle Map (MVUM) displays National Forest System (NFS) roads, trails, and areas that are designated open to motor vehicle travel. It is the public's responsibility to reference the MVUM to determine which routes are designated for motor vehicle use. The MVUM is free and available online and at ranger district offices.Forest Service. Caring For the Land and Serving People. ... Your dirt bike or vehicle must be registered with Colorado State Parks. OHV Trail Riding Areas. ... Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests & Pawnee National Grassland. 2150 Centre Avenue, Building E Fort Collins, CO 80526Want to find the best trails in Medicine Bow-Routt National Forest for an adventurous hike or a family trip? AllTrails has 80 great trails for hiking, birding, and walking and more. Enjoy hand-curated trail maps, along with reviews and photos from nature lovers like you. Ready for your next hike or bike ride? Explore one of 22 easy hiking trails in Medicine Bow … Explore the variety of map products for national forests and grasslands, including visitor maps, atlases, topographic maps, and fire maps. Find a map, purchase a map, or access online map services and data through the Forest Service website. May 23, 2018 · 12. San Juan. San Juan is a National Forest in the State of Colorado with an area of about 1,878,850 acres. This forest occupies the western part of Colorado in the counties of Conejos, Hinsdale, Montezuma and San Juan. The areas of alpine wilderness within the forest are Weminuche, and South San Juan. Governor Polis, Colorado State Forest Service Announce 31 Wildfire Mitigation Grants. Governor Jared Polis announced awards for the 2023-2024 Forest Restoration and Wildfire Risk Mitigation grant …New in 2021! The Forest Service Visitor Map Finder let's you find and buy both a paper or digital copy of the map(s) of the forest you are interested in. All you have to do is locate the forest by clicking on the interactive map. Give it a try! Direct links to RGNF maps are below. Rio Grande National Forest Visitor Maps Arapaho National Recreation Area Arapaho National Recreation Area covers 35,000 acres in the upper reaches of the Colorado River Valley. Established by Congress in 1978, the area offers world-class recreation opportunities and contains five major reservoirs: Lake Granby, Shadow Mountain Reservoir, Monarch Lake, Willow Creek Reservoir and Meadow ... Dispersed camping on Colorado BLM land follows the same rules as that of the National Forest. There are at least 69 BLM camping locations on BLM land in Colorado. Here are just a few of the places to check out: Brown’s Canyon National Monument. King Mountain. Gunnison Gorge National Conservation Area. Check Out the New Smart Maps for Colorado Public Lands! Stay The Trail Colorado provides a central webpage where the public, organizations and agencies can download all US Forest Service Motor Vehicle Use Maps (MVUM) for National Forests and Grasslands located in Colorado. These maps are kept up to date as the US Forest Service updates their maps. Forest type, or forest cover, refers to the dominant tree species in the overstory of a given site. The distribution of forest types across the landscape is determined by factors such as climate, soil, elevation, aspect and disturbance history (Rogers, et al, 2001) 3. A number of Colorado’s forests are characterized as disturbance driven. The largest national forest by acreage, White River National Forest is located in the heart of Colorado’s Rocky Mountains and contains many of the iconic destinations and mountains that the state is …Maps - Colorado National Monument (U.S. National Park Service) NPS.gov. Park Home. Plan Your Visit.Map of Colorado. The area of the Arapaho National Forest area in red. Arapaho National Forest is a National Forest located in north-central Colorado, United States.The region is managed jointly with the Roosevelt National Forest and the Pawnee National Grassland from the United States Forest Service office in Fort Collins, Colorado.It has a wildlife … Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests & Pawnee National Grassland. 2150 Centre Avenue, Building E Fort Collins, CO 80526 Visitor Information: 970-295-6600. Join Our Email Lists The largest national forest by acreage, White River National Forest is located in the heart of Colorado’s Rocky Mountains and contains many of the iconic destinations and mountains that the state is …May 23, 2018 · 12. San Juan. San Juan is a National Forest in the State of Colorado with an area of about 1,878,850 acres. This forest occupies the western part of Colorado in the counties of Conejos, Hinsdale, Montezuma and San Juan. The areas of alpine wilderness within the forest are Weminuche, and South San Juan. Explore the variety of map products for national forests and grasslands, including visitor maps, atlases, topographic maps, and fire maps. Find a map, purchase a map, or access online map services and data through the Forest Service website. 8. Bishop’s Castle. Bishop’s Castle is a unique and iconic tourist attraction in Colorado. This private home is located on Highway 165 inside the San Isabel National Forest. Jim Bishop, who is the castle’s owner, purchased the land for $450 in 1969 when he was 15 years old.Welcome to your National Forests and Grasslands! Forest Visitor Maps provide an overview of recreational opportunities including campgrounds, picnic ... Colorado Maps of the United States Maps of White River National Forest. Category: Parks & Forests. Size: 66.79MB. Publication: 2018. Language: English. This product is available exclusively in ...White River National Forest Motor Vehicle Use Maps (MVUMs) illustrate motor vehicle route and area designations as defined in our Travel Management Plan so visitors can determine where and when they may travel in a motor vehicle. It is your responsibility to know and follow these designations. MVUMs are available for download or printing below ...Colorado Frequently Requested Maps. Web Maps. BLM Colorado Interactive Map - view and interact with BLM Colorado's GIS data such as mining claims, grazing allotments, wilderness boundaries, surface management agency and more without the need for specialized installed software.; BLM Colorado Seasonal Closure Map - BLM Colorado …White River National Forest is a National Forest in northwest Colorado. It is named after the White River that passes through its northern section. It is the most visited National Forest in the United States, primarily from users of the twelve ski areas within its boundaries. The forest contains 2,285,970 acres (3,571.8 sq mi, or 9,250.99 km 2 ).Colorado National Forest was established in Colorado on July 1, 1910, with 659,780 acres ... On March 28, 1932, it was renamed Roosevelt National Forest. References. External links. Forest History Society; Forest History Society:Listing of the National Forests of the United States Text from Davis, Richard C., ed. Encyclopedia of ... Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests & Pawnee National Grassland. 2150 Centre Avenue, Building E Fort Collins, CO 80526 Visitor Information: 970-295-6600. Join Our Email Lists Uncompahgre Wilderness. Uncompahgre Wilderness covers 102,721 acres within the north-central region of the San Juan Mountains in Colorado. The Wilderness spans the Uncompahgre National Forest (99,399 acres) across two Ranger District boundaries and lands administered by Bureau of Land Management. Elevations range from 8,400 to 14,309 feet. Order Online. Popular Coronado National Forest Maps. Coronado NF Atlas. Coronado National Forest Atlas of 7 1/2' Quad Maps. 120 Maps. Scale 1 inch = 1 mile. Cost $34. …Buy Colorado Forest Service Maps Download BLM Map Index Download Forest Service Map Index Return to Colorado Maps Skip to content. About Us; What We Do; Recreation Map; Shop ... Map: Rio Grande National Forest CO - Conejos Peak District $19.99 / Map: Rio Grande National Forest CO - Saguache Dist. Map: Rio ...The GMUG National Forests have 56 developed campgrounds scattered across the forest in a variety of landscapes from open meadows, ... The Forest Sevice has issued a forest order to protect people and property from possible bear interactions on the GMUG NF. ... Colorado 81416 (970)874-6600. Ranger Districts Rocky Mountain Region. Contact Us ...Click on the map below to help determine which office to contact. ... Colorado Springs, CO 80903 ... White River National Forest Supervisor's Office 802 Grand Ave. Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Temporary Phone Number (970) …Name: Pike National Forest topographic map, elevation, terrain.. Location: Pike National Forest, Canyon Drive, El Paso County, Colorado, 80819, USA (38.95643 -105.03209 38.98567 -105.01767)Explore the variety of map products for national forests and grasslands, including visitor maps, atlases, topographic maps, and fire maps. Find a map, purchase a map, or …The Motor Vehicle Map (MVUM) displays National Forest System (NFS) roads, trails, and areas that are designated open to motor vehicle travel. It is the public's responsibility to reference the MVUM to determine which routes are designated for motor vehicle use. The MVUM is free and available online and at ranger district offices.Map of San Isabel National Forest surrounding Salida, CO in middle. Photo: fs.usda.gov. The San Isabel National Forest borders the Rio Grande National Forest to the southwest, the Gunnison National Forest to the west, the White River National Forest to the north, and a small part of the Arapaho National Forest to the northeast, and the Pike ...Recreation Map. Map showing recreational areas. Map Information. Activities. Bicycling Mountain Biking ... National Forest Supervisor's Office 900 Grand Ave. Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 (970) 945-2521. Offices closed on federal …Hard Copy Recreation Visitor Maps. Forest recreation maps are available for sale ($14.00) at all Forest Service Offices on the GMUG National Forest. Order maps online: USGS Map Atore. Public Lands Information Center (Colorado Public Lands) - Provides information about recreational opportunities on public lands in the West. The Medicine Bow-Routt National Forests and Thunder Basin National Grassland, also known as the MBRTB, spans nearly 2.9 million acres in northern Colorado and eastern Wyoming. Characterized by mountain ranges and vast open landscapes, the national forests and national grassland provide abundant and unique opportunities for visitors all year ... Explore the Forest. San Juan National Forest encompasses about 1.8 million acres in the southwestern corner of Colorado. From high-desert mesas to alpine peaks, these federal lands are managed for multiple uses and visitors are asked to respect each other and the natural resources. The San Juan National Forest Headquarters is located in Durango ...SHARES. Facebook Twitter. “Land of Many Uses”, Routt National Forest is comprised of 1.25 million acres in Northwest Colorado. The most visited areas of the forest are around Steamboat Springs. Camping, hiking, mountaineering, and winter sports are prevalent in the endless forests of northwest Colorado. The Routt National Forest goes all ...Bear Lake Campground is located in the beautiful San Isabel National Forest at an elevation of 10,480 ft. Views of the nearby Culebra Range Mountains with aspen and spruce forests offer campers a genuine Colorado experience.This rustic campground has 14 campsites, each with a table and fire ring. S...Keep up-to-date by checking below for the status of areas and roads within the national forest or grassland where you plan to hunt: National Forests in Colorado: Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests and Pawnee National Grassland (ARP) Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, and Gunnison National Forests. Pike–San Isabel National Forests and …Explore the variety of map products for national forests and grasslands, including visitor maps, atlases, topographic maps, and fire maps. Find a map, purchase a map, or …$19.99. Map: Routt National Forest CO. Shipping calculated at checkout. Quantity. Add to Cart. Pay in 4 interest-free installments for orders over $50.00 with. Learn more. The …FSTopo is the Forest Service large scale Primary Base Map Series; the 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps. FSTopo products cover the US Forest Service lands. FSTopo is changing in 2024 from a cartographic product to an automated map product. The cartographic FSTopo product will be renamed to FSTopo Legacy. FSTopo Legacy is a …The largest national forest by acreage, White River National Forest is located in the heart of Colorado’s Rocky Mountains and contains many of the iconic destinations and mountains that the state is … Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests & Pawnee National Grassland. 2150 Centre Avenue, Building E Fort Collins, CO 80526 Visitor Information: 970-295-6600. Join Our Email Lists SAN ISABEL NATIONAL FOREST 81233. (lat:38.4083 lon:-105.9339) The Pike and San Isabel National Forests Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands is comprised of 2 national forests and 2 national grasslands that forest locator map cover nearly 3 million acres, between the prairies of western Kansas and some of Colorado's highest …Lost Creek Wilderness was officially designated by the Colorado Wilderness Act of 1980 with additions in 1993. ... Buy maps online. National Forest Store: Offers a full, nationwide selection of National Forest, Ranger District, Wilderness, and Specialty Maps for purchase online or by phone, fax, and mail.The Coronado National Forest covers 1,780,000 acres of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Elevations in the Coronado National Forest range from 3,000 feet to 10,720 feet in twelve widely scattered mountain ranges or "sky islands" that rise dramatically from the desert floor, supporting plant communities as biologically diverse …Map of Colorado. The area of the Arapaho National Forest area in red. Arapaho National Forest is a National Forest located in north-central Colorado, United States.The region is managed jointly with the Roosevelt National Forest and the Pawnee National Grassland from the United States Forest Service office in Fort Collins, Colorado.It has a wildlife …SHARES. Facebook Twitter. “Land of Many Uses”, Routt National Forest is comprised of 1.25 million acres in Northwest Colorado. The most visited areas of the forest are around Steamboat Springs. Camping, hiking, mountaineering, and winter sports are prevalent in the endless forests of northwest Colorado. The Routt National Forest goes all ...According to AllTrails.com, there are 79 biking trails in Pike National Forest and the most popular is Mount Sherman Trail via Four Mile Creek Road with an average 4.7 star rating from 3,634 community reviews. The Pike National Forest is located in the Front Range of Colorado, United States, west of Colorado Springs and including Pikes Peak.Boating is a popular summer activity on several lakes in Pike National Forest. Rampart Reservoir, located between Woodland Park and Colorado Springs, is a perfect place to launch motorized boats. Tarryall Reservoir, Eleven Mile Canyon Reservoir, and Spinney Mountain Reservoir are all adjacent to the national forest and allow motorized boating.New in 2021! The Forest Service Visitor Map Finder let's you find and buy both a paper or digital copy of the map(s) of the forest you are interested in. All you have to do is locate the forest by clicking on the interactive map. Give it a try! Direct links to RGNF maps are below. Rio Grande National Forest Visitor MapsPike National Forest (NF) Recreation Information Links. The drop-down menu below contains links for general and recreational information along with interactive maps, such as Motor Vehicle Use Maps ( MVUMs) and Pike National Forest Visitor Information Maps. If Congressionally-designated wilderness areas are within the national forest boundaries ...The Roosevelt National Forest is a national forest located in north central Colorado. It is contiguous with the Colorado State Forest as well as the Arapaho ... steap 2.5 hr hike. Nice to have downloaded the trail map, …May 23, 2018 · 12. San Juan. San Juan is a National Forest in the State of Colorado with an area of about 1,878,850 acres. This forest occupies the western part of Colorado in the counties of Conejos, Hinsdale, Montezuma and San Juan. The areas of alpine wilderness within the forest are Weminuche, and South San Juan. Rooted in Science. Driven by Collaboration. The 2020 Colorado Forest Action Plan is the road map to improving forest health across Colorado.. Created by the Colorado S tate Forest Service and its many partners, this in-depth analysis of forest trends offers solutions and guidance for improving forest health and ensuring our forests — and the resources …The San Juan National Forest covers more than 1.8 million acres in Southwest Colorado. It’s most noted for its staggering San Juan Mountains, some of the steepest in the state. The views here are spectacular, so all the recreation is first-rate. Camping or hiking, you’ll have the adventure of a lifetime in the San Juans; it’s an outdoor ...Feb 8, 2022 · Coronado National Forest. Address. Coronado National Forest, Arizona 85619, USA. The Coronado National Forest consists of 15 mountain ranges and eight separate wilderness districts, separated by a 100-mile stretch (or more) of desert. Because these mountain ranges are spread throughout southeastern Arizona, they have been nicknamed the Sky Islands. White River National Forest. in Colorado. 92% — 56 Reviews. 56 campgrounds.
Motor Vehicle Use Maps (MVUM) Under the 2005 Travel Management Rule, every national forest and grassland is required to publish a motor vehicle use map (MVUM), which is the legal instrument that shows where people are allowed to drive. The MVUM displays National Forest System roads, trails and areas designated as open to motorized travel …. How to disguise your phone number
Welcome to your National Forests and Grasslands! Forest Visitor Maps provide an overview of recreational opportunities including campgrounds, picnic areas, trailheads ... Colorado Maps of Colorado, United States Maps of Mesa (County), Colorado Maps of the United States Maps of White River National Forest. Category: Parks & Forests. Size: …The Motor Vehicle Map (MVUM) displays National Forest System (NFS) roads, trails, and areas that are designated open to motor vehicle travel. It is the public's responsibility to reference the MVUM to determine which routes are designated for motor vehicle use. The MVUM is free and available online and at ranger district offices.Boating is a popular summer activity on several lakes in Pike National Forest. Rampart Reservoir, located between Woodland Park and Colorado Springs, is a perfect place to launch motorized boats. Tarryall Reservoir, Eleven Mile Canyon Reservoir, and Spinney Mountain Reservoir are all adjacent to the national forest and allow motorized boating.There are 16-29 Colorado boondocking locations at this location. Nice campground In the San Isabel National Forest with roughly 20 sites in the trees and many more in the open. Most sites in the trees are right next to Clear Creek and the drive to Clear Creek Reservoir is about 5 minutes away. 47. Forest type, or forest cover, refers to the dominant tree species in the overstory of a given site. The distribution of forest types across the landscape is determined by factors such as climate, soil, elevation, aspect and disturbance history (Rogers, et al, 2001) 3. A number of Colorado’s forests are characterized as disturbance driven. Explore the most popular trails in my list Colorado National Forest Trails with hand-curated trail maps and driving directions as well as detailed reviews and photos from hikers, campers and nature lovers like you. Allows users to view and print maps from the 2020 Colorado Forest Action Plan. Generates county-level reports. New applications for the Colorado Forest Atlas are in …Map of national forests and national grasslands of the United States. The United States has 154 protected areas known as national forests, covering 188,336,179 acres (762,169 km 2; 294,275 sq mi). National forests are managed by the U.S. Forest Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The first national forest was established as the …There are four Colorado national parks: Rocky Mountain, Mesa Verde, Black Canyon of the Gunnison, and Great Sand Dunes. The landscapes that these national parks protect are dramatically different from one another. In Rocky Mountain National Park, journey high into the Rocky Mountains, cross the Continental Divide, and hike to …Where is the best trail to hike for backpacking in Arapaho National Forest? According to users from AllTrails.com, the best trail to hike for backpacking in Arapaho National Forest is Mirror Lake and Crater Lake via Cascade Creek Trail, which has a 4.8 star rating from 2,126 reviews. This trail is 14.8 mi long with an elevation gain of 2,293 ft.The Colorado National Parks and National Forest Maps from Outdoor Trail Maps LLC cover popular hiking areas in Colorado National Parks and National Forests not protected by wilderness (see See Colorado …Pike National Forest (NF) Recreation Information Links. The drop-down menu below contains links for general and recreational information along with interactive maps, such as Motor Vehicle Use Maps ( MVUMs) and Pike National Forest Visitor Information Maps. If Congressionally-designated wilderness areas are within the national forest boundaries ...White River National Forest is a National Forest in northwest Colorado. It is named after the White River that passes through its northern section. It is the most visited National Forest in the United States, primarily from users of the twelve ski areas within its boundaries. The forest contains 2,285,970 acres (3,571.8 sq mi, or 9,250.99 km 2 ). According to AllTrails.com, there are 29 biking trails in Roosevelt National Forest and the most popular is Gross Reservoir via Forsythe Canyon Trail with an average 4.5 star rating from 2,881 community reviews. The Roosevelt National Forest is a national forest located in north central Colorado. It is contiguous with the Colorado State Forest ... .